The Undeniable Reality About Language and Gender Essay Topics That Nobody Is Telling You

The Undeniable Reality About Language and Gender Essay Topics That Nobody Is Telling You New Ideas Into Language and Gender Essay Topics Never Before Revealed It is crucial to eat healthier and make great choices when deciding what things to place in your body. The benefits of knowing sign language along with a spoken language are many. A man utilizing feminine speech may be considered effeminate or homosexual, but his utterances wouldn't be considered grammatically incorrect. In so many regions of the Earth, English is the frequent language that's spoken and whenever you have a command of the English language, travelling and interacting with individuals of different nationalities can become easier and more enjoyable. The paper intends to decide if a greater proportion of adolescents from a location of socioeconomic disadvantage have low language scores compared with adolescents from a comparatively advantaged place. With regard to educational significance, educators may som etimes wish to group girls with different girls and boys with different boys to ensure girls actively take part in classroom activities. All children are different and learn how to read at their own speed. Consider how small children learn language for the very first moment. The cost of an essay rides on the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. Be sure to understand what exactly you desire to do from your essay. Your essay needs to have an appropriate introduction, body and conclusion. Written-from-scratch customized essay example on the subject of gender inequalities. Where to Find Language and Gender Essay Topics On of them is the simple fact it has resulted in the extinction of minor languages within a specific country. As an example, in the modern world, it is nearly impossible to have a whole conversation for two people from two distinct nations, for example one from Iran and the other one from China, since they don't have any languages in common. The Engli sh language is among the languages most commonly spoken around the world and is the major language of contact in the world small business world. Making English an official language will cover the matter, saving the government a great deal of money. As it's mentioned in last paragraph, acquiring a universal language makes it less difficult for all people to communicate. Some people developed the thought of having a universal language. If you've taken stock of different speakers' sentence types, you acquire an insight in the other speaker's perceived self-image and a notion of different people's objectives. Thus, all deaf people today are bilingual should they use sign language along with lip-reading. Ruthless Language and Gender Essay Topics Strategies Exploited Wherever and whenever you're communicating, understanding the differences can boost your capability to communicate. If you're an English speaker you've always referred to creatures with the. One other important fea ture they have in common is structure. One other important benefit of C is its capacity to extend itself. There are a few normal rules for IELTS Examiners that they must follow everywhere. Some students don't tend to concentrate on language skills in addition to they should. If you find yourself with a high score in IELTS, then there are a lot of doors open for you in the event you need to study in Canada, Australia or another country. Students should always arrive first. Lawyers will need to find out more about language. Language has been a substantial issue for Chinese immigrants in the usa. Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Language and Gender Essay Topics Is Wrong The absolute most important period in a youngster's life for language acquisition is the initial 3 decades. At precisely the same time, try to remember that details mean everything. The response will be dependent on a great deal of factors but it is a subject work considering, particularly if you're getting to a place where you feel your business has grown enough to warrant getting help. Whenever your company is successful and starts to grow to the point in which you feel you will need some help, it's important to take some time to locate the suitable person or people to assist you. Syntax Similar differences are observed in the usage of grammatical forms. Because of the availability of many functions, the programming task gets simp le. Think of Google Translate or Siri, and attempt to understand everything it requires to turn a very simple sentence in English into a message that could be processed by means of a computer. Sign language does not have any written component.

Hate Crimes In The Lgbt Community - 1580 Words

Currently, in the United States there are 9 million people who are openly a part of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender community; that is roughly equivalent to the entire population of New Jersey. The LGBT community stands for and places their beliefs in equality, individuality, and pride. Despite their efforts, they are still faced with degrading discrimination and cruel hatred. Today, fourteen percent of all hate crimes are directed towards to LGBT community. (fbi.gov) The number of hate crimes towards the community is quickly increasing and evolving into a worldwide problem. One of the most recent and impactful hate crimes was in 2016 when a gay nightclub in Orlando, Florida, was attacked by a gunman. That night, nearly fifty†¦show more content†¦According to Boslaugh, a LGBT activist, the Stonewall Riots was when â€Å"gay that they did not need to accept second-class status and they had sufficient strength in numbers to resist harassment†(Boslaugh 1). Due t o the pride and confidence acquired from the Stonewall Riots, a movement of hope emerged, which is known as the Gay Liberation Movement. The Gay Liberation movement took place mostly in the 1960s - 1980s, however, it is still ongoing to this day. This movement urged the LGBT community to stand up for themselves and fight back against their discriminating enemies by conquering hatred and shame with pride and love. Ever since the formation of the LGBT community, they had struggled to become accepted and treated as equal counterparts to straight people. For example, they were not given the same right to marriage as straight people were, as it was illegal to marry someone of the same gender. The LGBT community was also treated unfairly in the work force. Numerous places refused to hire members of the gay community, depending on the places they visit. It was often that someone who went to a gay bar or restaurant, was not hired for the job even if they were well-qualified. The LGBT commun ity also endured many violent hate crimes against them. In particular, Harvey Milk was the first openly gay commissioner on the San Francisco Board of Permits, who was quickly assassinatedShow MoreRelatedSocial Injustice : The Interplay Of The Lgbt Community, Hate Crimes And The Us1482 Words   |  6 Pages Social Injustice: the interplay of the LGBT community, hate crimes and the US On June 4, 2011, Cece Mcdonald lost the freedom to securely be herself. Cece Mcdonald was a young trans-woman who was walking with her friends past a tavern in Minneapolis when suddenly, a group of people started to barrage them with insults. One man insulted Cece directly by saying, â€Å"look at that boy dressed like a girl tucking her dick in.† The group of friends attempted to walk away, but before they got awayRead MoreLesbian, Gay, Bisexual, And Transgender1675 Words   |  7 Pages Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) community because they face multiple levels of victimization, and it is hard for this group to adjust to society once they have identified themselves as being gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender. In 2013, law enforcement agencies had reported 5,928 hate crime incidents, 20.8 percent were motivated by sexual orientation, and 60.6 percent were identified as gay male-targeted bias. Gay males is one of the main targets to a hate crime, only because the of fender isRead MoreEssay on The Issue of LGBT Hate Crimes1018 Words   |  5 PagesHate Crimes: crimes motivated by a victim’s actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability or religion(Federal officials, 2011). Hate crimes have been around for centuries. A hate crime is considered any malicious crime that is derived from hatred towards a certain group of people. African Americans are still victim to hate crimes, even after the Civil Rights movement. James Byrd Jr. suffered a prime example of a gruesome hate crime in 1998, because of his African AmericanRead MoreLGBT Hate Crimes and Suicidality Among a Population-Bases Sample of Sexual-Minority Adolescents in Boston1365 Words   |  6 PagesLesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Hate Crimes and Suicidality Among a Population-Based Sample of Sexual-Minority Adolescents in Boston Until 1973, the American Psychiatric Association regarded the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) community as consisting of sociopathic individuals with personality disorders. Today, the stigma has lifted off of these individuals and relationships among the LGBTs are no longer crimes in the US and many other countries; however, select individualsRead MoreHate Crime Essay1268 Words   |  6 PagesIn the United States, hate crimes have been the longest of many crimes that are committed. What is a hate crime? A hate crime is a criminal offense that is committed against an individual, a group, or a property, largely due to their; race, gender, sexuality, religious, and the list goes on and on. A hate crime is the act of aggression that goes against the individual, group, or society. Examples include; assault and battery, vandalism, and threats. Hate crimes are the most damaging, they attackRead MoreThe Prevention Of Violence And Discrimination Based On Sexual Orientation And Ge nder Identity1713 Words   |  7 Pagestheir judicial system, allowing the systematic oppression of the LGBT, leading to violence in the form of hate crimes and even death. The GA3 committee, however, will be dealing with the prevention of violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. The topic is multi-dimensional in terms of aspects which ranges from deeply rooted prejudice within a culture/country/religion to lack of awareness of the community in order to be accepted. This report aims to educate delegatesRead MoreThe New Laws Protecting Lgbt Community1452 Words   |  6 Pagesshould enter my brain, let that bullet destroy every closet door.†- Harvey Milk. Through time the LGBT community has not been treated with the rights that they deserve. They have not been able to express themselves the way most people are able too. Society has started to accept the LGBT community and give them rights. The new laws protecting LGBT community are affecting society by giving the LGBT community acceptance, preventing violence, and reducing the amount of discrimination. In the 1900’sRead MoreHate Crime Essay1551 Words   |  7 PagesAdditionally, hate crimes towards the LGBT community are on the rise. Offenders with negative views of LGBT people are inflicting pain onto those they deem sinful. According to the FBI, sexual orientation motivated nearly 18% of all hate crimes in 2016. Though the number may not seem excessive, sexuality is currently the third leading incentive for hate crimes and rising (FBI). For instance, in 2016, the New York Times reported Omar Mateen, an American who pledged allegiance to ISIS, attacked an LGBT nightclubRead MoreHate Crime Protection for Gays and Lesbians685 Words   |  3 Pagesthe hate crimes that happen in the world. Arent we told as young children and also throughout life to treat others as we would want to be treated? So why are some decimated against based on sexual preference? The statistics show the percentages of the hate discrimination against the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual community. The violence that they are pitted against, due to peoples discrimination against them, in life. And I will also mention the discrimination that the LGBT community goesRead MoreSexual Minority Communities And Hate Motivated Violence1021 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction There is a correlation between culture and crime specifically with sexual minority communities and hate motivated violence. Hate-motivated violence refers to an act of violence that is motivated by bias or prejudice (Grattet, 2009). Reasons for bias crimes occurring include that these criminal offenses tend to occur in communities with high levels of social disorganization, they occur as a defense against neighborhood in-migration of ethnic others†, and neighborhoods with concentrated

Threat profile of Malware

Question: Discuss about the Threat profile of Malware. Answer: Introduction According to Soltani et al. (2014), the malwares are malicious softwares that are aimed to steal data or to get control over the infected system. The malware attacks are mainly done on the financial institutions to get the financial data. This report focuses on the malware attacks on the largest banks of the Australia (like the Commonwealth bank, Westpac and national Australia bank), mitigation techniques and the adequacy of those mitigation techniques. Name of the Threat The threat is a malware that attacked the apps of the different Australian banks to steal the customers credentials like the personal as well as the financial details. Systems that are affected by the Malwares In this scenario, the apps of the different banks are infected by the malware. This malware imposed a fake login screen to get the username and the passwords of the users. Therefore the devices used by the users are affected by the attack. Different types of malwares are available; some of them are given in the following table, Figure 1: Steps in Malware attacks (Source: Pk, 2015, pp-56) Steps in the Attack There are six steps in the malware attacks, which are Reconnaissance: In this step, the attacker identified the different flaws or vulnerabilities of the targeted systems of the different apps of the banks (Shabtai et al., 2012). Assembly: In this step attacker tries to obtain or customize the available malwares to infect the customers device and apps of the banks. Delivery: Propagation of the malwares is done in this phase. The users do not get the infected file from Google play; instead the users are forced to download it from the fake websites or using links. Compromise: The targeted system gets infected by the Malwares. Command: Capabilities of the malwares are unleashed in this step. The hacker gets the information about the login details of the customer. Mitigation Strategies (Reflection) In this case the malware was disguised under the different apps of the banks. Therefore, the above mentioned detection and mitigation techniques need to be changed and modified periodically (Gu, Porras Fong, 2015). The improvement in the detection technique helps to find and prevent the malwares. In addition to the above mentioned techniques the organizations and individuals can create a virtual environment inside the network device to detect the malicious source IP addresses (Shabtai et al., 2012). Moreover by accessing the device in the safe mode the users can safely use the different function of the apps. Internal law The internal laws need to be tightened to ensure the access of the users to the network and the central database. Moreover it is to be ensured that the entry of the users and their behavior are monitored (Gu, Porras Fong, 2015). This monitoring will help to identify the any of the suspicious activity that is related to the effect of the Malware attacks. International scope As it happened to the banks of the Australia, therefore the malwares can also affect the websites and the functionality of the apps of the related financial institutions (Shabtai et al., 2012). Therefore this incident of Australia alerts other financial institutions all over the world. As the banks are affected by the malware and data were stolen, therefore it needs to take preventive measures (Turner, 2016). In addition to that, the attackers may publish all the stolen data in the public domain. It would have caused much more harm to the business of the banks. Risk table Impact area Rank Impact value Total score Data breach 4 High 3 12 Reputation of the banks 3 Medium 2 6 Problems in operations 2 High 3 6 Productivity 1 Low 1 1 Total risk score 25 Table 1: Risk calculation table (Source: Created by Author) Conclusion The people with the evil intention always create a way to intrude into others systems so that they can steal the personal and financial data for their advantage. Therefore, to protect the systems from these growing threats, it is important to use multiple layers of security and change the approach of detection and prevention periodically. This is mandatory to protect the individual and organizational systems. References Gu, G., Porras, P. A., Fong, M. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 8,955,122. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Pk, G. (2015). New methods for detecting malware infections and new attacks against hardware virtualization. Shabtai, A., Kanonov, U., Elovici, Y., Glezer, C., Weiss, Y. (2012). Andromaly: a behavioral malware detection framework for android devices.Journal of Intelligent Information Systems,38(1), 161-190. Soltani, S., Seno, S. A. H., Nezhadkamali, M., Budiarto, R. (2014). A survey on real world botnets and detection mechanisms.International Journal of Information and Network Security,3(2), 116. Turner, A. (2016).Malware hijacks big four Australian banks' apps, steals two-factor SMS codes.The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 August 2016, from https://www.smh.com.au/technology/consumer-security/malware-hijacks-big-four-australian-banks-apps-steals-twofactor-sms-codes-20160309-gnf528.html

The Great Gatsby Essay Introduction Example For Students

The Great Gatsby Essay Introduction Great Gatsby: Analysis of the American DreamThese beliefs, values and dreams can be summed up be what is termed the American Dream; a dream of money, wealth, prosperity and the happiness that supposedly came with the booming economy and get-rich-quick schemes that formed the essential underworld of American upper-class society. This underworld infiltrated the upper echelons and created such a moral decay within general society that paved the way for the ruining of dreams and dashing of hopes as they were placed confidently in the chance for opportunities that could be seized by one and all. Scott Fitzgerald illustrates the American Dream and the foul dust or the carelessness of a society that floats in the wake of this dream. By looking at each character and their situation and ambition it can be seen that the American Dream was not limited to one social class or type of person, that it was nation wide and was found within everyone. From the position as narrator the reader has access to the thoughts and feelings of Nick Carraway more than any other characters; but this same position also reduces the effectiveness of the reader as a judge of character because he is presented in a biased way compared to others. We will write a custom essay on The Great Gatsby Introduction specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now With that said, it can be seen that Nick suffers greatly from his experiences in New York. His regard for human decency is ruined and he leaves with his hopes dashed and a disgust at how the materialism that runs rampant throughout his social class is capable of ruining lives and dreams. Nick, as with all characters is a believer in the American Dream because even he moves East to work in the bond business then a booming industry. Because of the actions of his cousin Daisy, her husband Tom and the beliefs held by his love interest in the novel Jordan, Nick is finally privy to how the dreams and values held by all these people overrun their sense of sensible behavior and how the general society caused their personalities to be affected this way. The transformation between James Gatz and Jay Gatsby is an example of how people can transform themselves according to their ambition for wealth and prosperity. The use of illegal activities to gain Gatsbys wealth is alluded to in the book; this shows the extent of how the American Dream circumvented the moral revulsion and pushed people who were crazy about money into crime driving the moral standing of wealthier citizens into the ground. To Gatsby, his dream was symbolised by Daisy; Gatsby even says that her voice sounds like money, a direct correlation between Daisy and the wealth and happiness that Gatsby would supposedly enjoy if only he could have married Daisy but could still enjoy if he had married her five years later. His pursuit of happiness with Daisy was the ultimate cause of the degradation of Gatsbys morals and realistic dreams. This is because he held an unrealistic view of life and how he could recreate the past. His dreams had distorted reality to the point where when his rationality realised that the image of life and of Daisy did not coincide with the real life version his mind did not grasp that perhaps the dream had receded to the point of no return, consequently his dreams helped to result in the devastating end that was the finish of The Great Gatsby. This difference in Gatsbys mental image and the real image of daisy was due to the incompleteness of daisys character. Her rendering of the American Dream included fun, comfortable living with money and influence. .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e , .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e .postImageUrl , .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e , .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e:hover , .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e:visited , .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e:active { border:0!important; } .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e:active , .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua405229903f243729e305ea6687c302e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Definition of Integrity Essay To do this her marriage choices were limited to men with money, preferably with old inherited money, the type that prestige accompanies. The reader can see that Daisy is a superficial character who considers happiness more of a physical state than a mental state by the scene when she is talking about her daughter and what she said when she was born: thats the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool; this shows how Daisy thinks about life and how happiness can be bought by not being aware and presumably

JUNG Surname Meaning and Origin

JUNG Surname Meaning and Origin The Jung  surname means young, and was often used to distinguish the younger of two men with the same name, such as a son from a father or the younger of two cousins. It derives from the German word jung, from the Middle High German junc, meaning young. YOUNG is the English variant of the surname, while JAROS is found in Poland. According to Dictionary of American Family Names, Jung can also be a variant of the Chinese name Rong, or Korean name Chong. It is a common surname in both countries. Surname Origin: German, Chinese, Korean Alternate Surname Spellings:  JUNK, YUNG, YONG, YOUNG, YOUNGE, JAROS Where in the World is the JUNG Surname Found? The Jung surname is most common in Germany, according to WorldNames PublicProfiler, especially in the states of Saarland and Rheinland-Pfalz, followed by Hessen and  Thà ¼ringen. Other top regions for Jung include Alsace, France, and Grevenmacher, Luxembourg. Surname distribution maps at Forebears identify Jung as the 5th most common surname in South Korea, the 35th most common surname in North Korea, and the 39th most common surname in Germany. It is also the 10th most common last name in Thailand. Famous People with the Last Name JUNG Carl C.G. Jung - Swiss psychiatrist, founder of analytical psychologyChan Sung Jung - Korean MMA fighterRudolf Jung - instrumental force of Austrian National Socialism; member of the Nazi partyJohann Heinrich Jung - German author who wrote under the name Heinrich Stilling Genealogy Resources for the Surname JUNG How to Trace Your German AncestryLearn how to trace your German roots back to the old country and beyond, from gathering information on your family to locating your ancestors German hometown to accessing vital records, passenger records and church records in Germany. German Genealogy Databases and Online RecordsResearch your German family tree online in this collection of online German genealogy databases and records.   Jung Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Jung surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Jung query. FamilySearch - JUNG GenealogyExplore over 9 million historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Jung surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website, hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Jung Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Jung last name from the website of Genealogy Today. References: Surname Meanings OriginsCottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

On the Value of Free Advice

On the Value of Free Advice As a writer I get a steady stream of free advice from individuals who apparently understand my life far better than I. These individuals are mostly strangers, people who contact me Sometimes I get advice And do I heed their advice? Not yet. Probably never. For a writer to heed every little bit of advice she receives, whether from strangers, friends, or even family, is deadly. Writers must learn to eventually heed no advice but that of their own instincts. The marketplace will be the final barometer of how sound those instincts are. And that is the only barometer a writer needs. Martin Seligman, director of the University of Pennsylvania’s Positive Psychology Center, and developer of such concepts as learned helplessness, learned optimism, and authentic happiness, cautions that the only people worth taking advice from are those who have already achieved success in the area in which you aspire to be successful, and who are recognized as experts in their field. To give credence to all the non-experts would be like hiring a carpenter who has never pounded a nail, but has read a few books about how to pound a nail properly, to build your dream house. Or to have your appendix removed As a writer, editor, and writing mentor for the past thirty years, I encourage all my students and clients to adopt this same practice of ignoring the opinions of those who have not demonstrated that they know more about what constitutes good writing than they do. Such proof is not in any way related to the number of advanced degrees the individual holds, but to the success of one’s publications in the marketplace. Back when I was still an aspiring writer, a man I looked up to suggested that my goal of being a writer was unrealistic for someone from the coal fields of rural Pennsylvania. When I wrote my third book, my first literary mystery, I was advised As an aspiring writer, there will always be naysayers eager to deter you. Sometimes they mean well and sometimes they don’t. Does that make a difference in how you should respond? When it comes to free advice, I prefer to remember the words of my very practical father: You get what you pay for. *** Randall Silviss many literary awards include the Drue Heinz Literature Prize, two fellowships from the NEA, a Fulbright Senior Scholar Research Award, and a Doctor of Letters degree bestowed for distinguished literary achievement. His 15th book, the novel Blood Ink, was recently declared a Kindle Scout winner and is available through Amazon. In addition to his novels, screenplays, and essays, he co-hosts a popular weekly podcast at TheWritersHangout.com, and teaches in the Seton Hill University MFA Program. His website can be found at randallsilvis.com. To sign up for Randall’s free monthly newsletter, which includes info about his work and news of interest to writers, send an email to silvisrandall@gmail.com with SUBSCRIBE in the subject box.

Literature and Laboratory Skills Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literature and Laboratory Skills - Thesis Example This paper looks at the process of developing a bioreactor and subsequently using it to grow cyanobacterial species that release cylindrospermopsins. It then investigates the isolation and detection of the innate compounds present in cylindrospermopsin in significant quantities through chromatographic (HPLC) and immunologic assays (ELISA). This research hopes to mitigate the negative effect of cylindrospermopsin through a thorough understanding of its growth. The study will test the first hypothesis by analyzing fresh water samples from various water bodies around various countries and making a comparison. This will either support or refute this hypothesis. The second hypothesis is tested by investigating the biological activity of cylindrospermopsins in living organisms, paying keen interest to the toxicity levels and the impact of cylindrospermopsins on metabolic pathways. Significant biological activity or impact on metabolic pathways will support this hypothesis. The therapeutic activity of modified CYL is investigated in the third hypothesis. Cylindrospermopsin alkaloids are three water-soluble toxins consisting of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) (1), 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (7-deoxy-CYN) (2), and 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin (7-epi-CYN) (3). They are metabolic products of a range of cyanobacterial species. The unique structural feature of these alkaloids consists of a uracil ring covalently linked to a sulfonated tricyclic guanidine. These natural metabolites are reported to contain toxicological properties. Therefore, there is the need to detect their presence in water and subsequently remove them. Cylindrospermopsin was first extracted in 1992 from the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and characterised using a combination of NMR and mass spectroscopy. 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin was later discovered and characterised in 1999 by HPLC

Capabilities and competencies.The scope of capabilities is not only Essay

Capabilities and competencies.The scope of capabilities is not only specific but its horizon is also quite vast - Essay Example SWOT Analysis 12 5.1 Strengths 13 5.2 Weaknesses 13 5.3 Opportunities 13 5.4 Threats 13 6. The Balanced Scorecard 14 6.1 Balanced Scorecard as a Measure of Strategic Capabilities 14 6.1.1 Translating the Vision 15 6.1.2 Communicating and Linking   15 6.1.3 Business Planning 15 6.1.4 Feedback and Learning 15 7. Resource Based View (RBV) 15 Appendices 17 Appendix-I: Tour Operator Market Share in Europe 17 Appendix-II: Four Perspectives of Balanced Scorecard 18 Bibliography 19 1. Capabilities and its Importance Generally capabilities and competencies are used interchangeably in literature, however in terms of business and organizational culture, the scope of capabilities is not only specific but its horizon is also quite vast. A capability is a fairly large scale unit of analysis which makes the organization and individual to recognize its purpose with respect to substantial outcomes (Dosi et al, 2000). According to Leonard (1992), â€Å"capability is the knowledge set that distingui shes and provides competitive advantage†. ... Therefore, organizational capabilities play a key role between human resource and the business strategy, thus making it a proactive source of competitive advantage (Ulrick and Lake 1991). (b) Organizational capabilities raise the competency level of individuals and reinforce positive values in the organization. (c) Organizational capabilities help the managing staff to formulate the business strategies basing on the strengths and weaknesses of the available manpower (Barney 1991). (d) These capabilities derive the required consequences like satisfaction of both the stakeholders and customers (Ulrich and Lake 1991; Yeung and Berman 1997). 2. Resources and Capabilities of TUI 2.1 Background TUI, abbreviated for Touristik Union International, was established in 1968 with headquarters located at Berlin, Germany. TUI is the largest integrated tourism group in Europe, lagging far behind its competitors with a turnover of about â‚ ¬ 21,866 million in 2008. Initially, it worked as Preussa g AG and gained a renowned fame in the field of transportation and industrial sector till 2001. This year, it became a 100% subsidiary of Preussag AG. In next year, Preussag AG was transformed into TUI AG (http://www.tui.com). During next few years, TUI developed and changed its production from industrial segment to a modern tourism and shipping company. The general credibility of the TUI is quite excellent and strategically today TUI is the largest and leading tourism and shipping organization of the world, operationally active mainly in Central, Northern and Western Europe while it has the networks across the Europe as well. The inventory of TUI

Life Support Essay Example for Free

Life Support Essay The issue of sustaining life by medical technology is complicated by uncertainty as to when death actually occurs. Is it when breathing ceases, the heart stops beating, or brain activity is no longer evident? Medical support can keep a body breathing after meaningful signs of human life have ceased. There are individuals who seemingly have died, only to be resuscitated within minutes of interrupted heartbeat or breathing. Some who have been so resuscitated and kept alive with life support have recovered and returned to live normal lives. Others have not. Questions arise in these instances: How long should one try to hold on to life, especially when suffering persists and the quality of life is at question? When is our appointed time to die? Although most people may think of ventilators when they hear the words life support machine, there are many other types of machines used to sustain ones life. The type of life support machine used depends on the medical condition of the patient and the reasons for the use of life support machines. Patients with life threatening illnesses may make the choice to use life support machines while they are still of sound mind and capable of making their own decisions. There are four main types of life support machines. The first is a ventilator, which forces air into the lungs of a patient who cannot breathe on her own. The second type is a pacemaker which is used for those who have irregular heartbeats, or for those who suffer from an abnormality of the blood vessels. Next, there are dialysis machines, which are most commonly used for patients who suffer from renal (kidney) failure. A ventilator works by forcing warm, oxygenated air into the lungs while removing carbon dioxide. A plastic tube is inserted through the mouth and into the trachea, and is then hooked up to the ventilator which monitors every breath of the patient while regulating the air pressure at which the patient receives the air. Pacemakers are used most frequently for those who suffer from an irregular heartbeat or rhythm. They are surgically inserted below the skin, and emit electrical impulses that remind the heart to beat normally. Dialysis machines are used for both short and long term use, sometimes as a temporary measure to maintain the patients health until they can receive a kidney transplant or to prolong and provide a quality of life for people who are not transplant candidates. Hemodialysis is often used three times a week to help cleanse the blood and remove the build-up of deadly toxins. Hemodialysis machines work by removing the patients blood, running it through the machine to cleanse it, and then pumping it back into the patient. This process happens simultaneously with the use of a shunt. Life support machines enable patients to survive for a period of time while their body is recovering from a specific illness or injury. They benefit patients who only need them for a short time as well as people who are attempting to maintain quality of life for the long term. Life support machines are also beneficial in the event that the patient is deemed brain dead. In these circumstances, the organs continue to receive oxygen-rich blood flow to keep them functioning until they can be removed for transplantation. Many believe that life support machines are used only for those who are comatose or critically ill. They are however, also used for those who have a life threatening disease or injury, such as paralysis, who are attempting to maintain a normal life. A perfect example of this is Christopher Reeve. He relied on a ventilator to breathe for him a majority of the time, and before his death, was still able to lead a productive life. Many also believe that life support systems are used only in a hospital. Again, this is not true. The use of noninvasive ventilators are becoming more popular for those who wish to live at home. Patients who receive dialysis are able to reside at home while visiting a dialysis treatment center on scheduled days.

Romantic Love: An analysis of Andrew Sullivan?s Article :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people want to have a romantic love in their life; however, romance is such abstract feeling so that we do not know whether it exists or not. In many cases, we can find that romantic love do exist in varieties of movie, song, and even books. Therefore, some people do believe that romantic love exists, and they feel that romantic love does not seem to be abstract. For example, we can find in many movies that the main male character sees the main female character, and then all of a sudden, he realizes that she is the one he wants to be with for the rest of his life, and vice versa. We also can find the same scenes in numerous of songs and books. After all of these movies, songs, and books, we seem to be hypnotized; there is such thing as we called â€Å"romantic love.† In the American Heritage Dictionary, romantic is defined â€Å"expressive of or conducive to love.† However, what is love? According to the American Heritage Dictionary, love is de fined as deep affection and warm feeling for another. Besides this one, love also have another definition such as, the emotion of sex and romance; strong sexual desire for another person. The ideal romantic love—expressive of deep affection and warm feeling for another—is what we’ve been taught the true meaning of romantic love is. But according to the American Heritage Dictionary, romantic love can also mean the expressive of strong sexual desire for another person. It comes down to one question—Does the ideal romantic love really exist or not. According to Andrew Sullivan in the Love Bloat: Why Obsess Over Romance?, there is not such thing called romantic love as we idealized, and his opinion about romantic love is right; there is not such thing called romantic love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Love Bloat: Why Obsess Over Romance?, Sullivan says that the concept of romantic love is crock by any serious person before the 19th century. And Sullivan applies Shakespeare’s idea of love—it comes; it goes. If taken too seriously, it kills. Sullivan also gives some his idea of what relationships truly are, and which are useful economic bargains. Sullivan uses Rousseau as another support for his opinion about romantic love; Rousseau saw bourgeois love as a salve for the empty emotional center of restrained, law-bound societies. Rousseau wanted to substitute the passion of people for truth and honor and power with something just as absorbing but nowhere near as dangerous.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Starting Up a Business

Advantages of Starting up a Business Advantages of starting your own small or medium business can include: Being your own Boss – You can make your own decisions, keep your own time and not have to answer to â€Å"The Boss† Hard Work & Know How – If you are a hard worker and / or have immense industry know how, you may want to benefit from the long hours you do or the knowledge that you have acquired over time. Financial Independence – One day, you may realize your dream of financial independence.Creative Freedom – No more restrictions, you can do what you like and have the freedom to work, design, create, build what you think is best – your way! Goodwill – You don't have to pay for it, you get to build it. Location, Premises, Building Fit out – You get to choose it all. Staff – You not lumped with staff you don't want. You hire and train from scratch – Your way. No Bad Name – A fresh business, a fresh start. Your name has no bad history with suppliers or customers. If you buy a business, you may find some people just won't deal with the business because of past dealings. Business Image – You create the business image you want.Your way. Disadvantages of starting your own small or medium business can include: Cash Flow – Your business may not have a positive cash flow for two years – how are you going to cover that? Competitors – You may invest all this time, money and effort into your business and a large competitor targets your customers and offers them a similar product / service at below your cost – until your business has failed. Homework – Have you done it? You may do it all and then find when you are all set up, that something from left field becomes apparent and significantly alters the outlook of your business.History – If you buy a business, you are buying something. You are buying history of the business trading, you have staff in place, equipment and premises in place, customers ringing in with orders on your first Monday morning. If you start a business, you have no history. Everything must be generated from scratch. Married to the Business – This is a common phrase from small business owners. It basically means, your hours of work and level of commitment is such that you cannot take a holiday, your business is always with you (day, nights ; weekends) and basically your neck is on the line.You can't just throw the keys back and give it all away if it gets too hard! Suppliers – Suppliers may not extend you credit as your business has no history, so you may have to pay upfront for your goods, and you may not collect money from your customers for those goods for 90 – 120 days. This is very detrimental to cash flow. Can you sustain this? Have you factored it into your budget? Family – Is your family situation such that you can undertake this huge venture of starting a small busine ss from scratch? It often means a huge sacrifice with no guarantee of reward. Advantages and Disadvantages of Starting Up a Business Advantages of Starting up a Business Advantages of starting your own small or medium business can include: Being your own Boss – You can make your own decisions, keep your own time and not have to answer to â€Å"The Boss† Hard Work & Know How – If you are a hard worker and / or have immense industry know how, you may want to benefit from the long hours you do or the knowledge that you have acquired over time. Financial Independence – One day, you may realize your dream of financial independence.Creative Freedom – No more restrictions, you can do what you like and have the freedom to work, design, create, build what you think is best – your way! Goodwill – You don't have to pay for it, you get to build it. Location, Premises, Building Fit out – You get to choose it all. Staff – You not lumped with staff you don't want. You hire and train from scratch – Your way. No Bad Name – A fresh business, a fresh start. Your name has no bad history with suppliers or customers. If you buy a business, you may find some people just won't deal with the business because of past dealings. Business Image – You create the business image you want.Your way. Disadvantages of starting your own small or medium business can include: Cash Flow – Your business may not have a positive cash flow for two years – how are you going to cover that? Competitors – You may invest all this time, money and effort into your business and a large competitor targets your customers and offers them a similar product / service at below your cost – until your business has failed. Homework – Have you done it? You may do it all and then find when you are all set up, that something from left field becomes apparent and significantly alters the outlook of your business.History – If you buy a business, you are buying something. You are buying history of the business trading, you have staff in place, equipment and premises in place, customers ringing in with orders on your first Monday morning. If you start a business, you have no history. Everything must be generated from scratch. Married to the Business – This is a common phrase from small business owners. It basically means, your hours of work and level of commitment is such that you cannot take a holiday, your business is always with you (day, nights ; weekends) and basically your neck is on the line.You can't just throw the keys back and give it all away if it gets too hard! Suppliers – Suppliers may not extend you credit as your business has no history, so you may have to pay upfront for your goods, and you may not collect money from your customers for those goods for 90 – 120 days. This is very detrimental to cash flow. Can you sustain this? Have you factored it into your budget? Family – Is your family situation such that you can undertake this huge venture of starting a small busine ss from scratch? It often means a huge sacrifice with no guarantee of reward.

Narrative Essays Are a Great Read Essay

Narrative essays and Descriptive essays can be similar but they are different in nature. The narrative essay â€Å"I Want a Wife† is more compelling than the descriptive essay â€Å"Homeless† because the narrative essay has a point of view, uses humor and satire, and uses tone and language that can draw the reader in. â€Å"Narration is storytelling from the perspective of a narrator and the story may be true, false, imaginary, or a combination. A narration can be about past, present, or future events, and it can be short or the length of a novel† (Connell & Sole, 2013, sec. 6.3). A narrative can draw in the audience by telling the reader the story just how it happened or how they pictured it to be without losing someone in thought because they may not understand what they mean when they are using words to describe it a certain way. â€Å"Description is a pattern of writing that can be defined as painting pictures with words† (Connell & Sole, 2013, sec. 6.4). A descriptive essay uses very expressive words to describe specific details. See more: what is narrative writing The reader will have to use the five sense in order to understand what the writer is trying to convey and may get lost especially if the reader doesn’t understand one of those descriptive words. The two essays in this paper that are being compared and contrasted are â€Å"Homeless† by Anna Quindlen and â€Å"I Want a Wife† by Judy Brady. Both essays are being told by the author but through someone else’s eyes but on what the author sees. The beginning paragraph from the narrative essay â€Å"I Want a Wife† reads, â€Å"Not too long ago a male friend of mine appeared on the scene fresh from a recent divorce. He had one child, who is, of course, with his ex-wife. He is looking for another wife. As I thought about him while I was ironing one evening, it suddenly occurred  to me that I, too, would like to have a wife. Why do I want a wife† (Brady, 1971)? This paragraph started off the essay with author’s point of view because she too is a wife. The author was able to identify this by what she does as a wife, how she acted and how she is treated. This can also be the point of view of a man because some men may feel that this is what a wife should do or how a wife should act or maybe someone else who is a wife, because it’s what they do. She made the essay seem like a wife is such a huge deal and that they have such a big job to complete throughout each day. This essay makes the reader stop and think about if this is the way they want their wife to be or if they want to be this way if they are a wife. The descriptive essay â€Å"Homeless†, the author tells her point of view because of a homeless lady she wanted to ask questions to. She perceived her point of view about homeless people from a portrait the lady showed her and what she sees when she looks at the lady and the picture. Both essays have a point a view a reader may agree or disagree with. Not everyone sees a wife as a person who does everything for the household, such as cook all meals, clean the whole house, take care of the kids, and take care of the man. Back in 1971 when the essay was written this may have held true, but in 2014 there are house-holds where the woman is the bread winner and the man will stay home and take care of everything. There are also other relationships where the house hold is 50-50. The husband and wife share duties. As far as homeless people, someone’s point of view may be different than when the author said: â€Å"People find it curious that those without homes would rather sleep sitting up on benches or huddled in doorways than go to shelters† (Quindlen, n.d. para. 7). That was her point of view of what she thinks other people think but in reality, the homeless people may not be able to get shelter so they have no choice but to sleep on benches. With these two essays, the point of view is stronger in the narrative essay beca use most people are wives, or they have a wife and can see this essay as true. The descriptive essay, not everyone is homeless or they may not be around homeless people or know how they interact so they may not understand the point the author is trying to make. The tone of â€Å"I Want a Wife† is written in a humorous, ironic mood. This is what makes this essay enjoyable to read and it’s not boring to the reader. The essay has a â€Å"sarcastic tone which is produced when someone uses heave-handed verbal irony. Verbal irony occurs  when one expresses the opposite of what one actually means (Connell & Sole, 2013). The narrative essay is also of great humor and satire. To any woman reader and maybe some men, they may look at this essay and laugh. The reader may sense the sarcasm in the author’s words. For example, the author says â€Å"If, by chance, I find another person more suitable as a wife than the wife I already have, I want the liberty to replace my present wife with another one† (Brady, 1971, para. 8). This paragraph alones makes you mad but makes you laugh. The whole essay in itself is also written in sarcasm. The writer depicts what a wife should be but is sarcastic in her approach of how she writes it. She always started off with â€Å"I want a wife who will†, and then talks about what she would want her wife to do if she wanted a wife, and how a wife should act. If you did not know the author, you would have th  ought this was written by a man. At the end of the essay, Brady (1971) states â€Å"My God, who wouldn’t want a wife?† shows that this whole essay was of great irony and satire because she talks about what she wants in a wife when she is a wife. This quoted sentence shows exaggeration, just like the rest of the essay. There was no irony or sarcasm or anything to make me laugh in the descriptive essay â€Å"Homeless†. Because of the nature of the essay, there wouldn’t be any humor or satire since it could be considered a sad essay. The author’s tone in â€Å"Homeless† is very serious, yet tranquil. It is serious because the subject is also very serious subject, but serene because she knows that there is a solution for these problems. Quindlen uses this tone to get through to the reader in order to deliver the purpose. The tone is also sad because of the problems of homelessness in the world today. The reader may feel a sense of sympathy when reading this essay because it can be controversial. There is some hyperbole language the author is using in homeless like: â€Å"It was like a thousand houses in a hundred towns, not suburb, not city, but somewhere in between, with aluminum siding and a chain-link fence, a narrow driveway running up to a one-car garage, and a patch of backyard (Quindlen, n.d. para. 2). Brady also uses different figurative language such as exaggeration and repetitiveness in her essay. Through the language you often felt the emotion of the essay especially if you are a wife because you may think about if you have done the things she is stating a wife does. This essay has an emotion appeal to it. It â€Å"has a purpose, its honest and not attempting to mislead, and not used just for  effect or for gratuitous reasons† (Connell & Sole, 2013, sec. 7.3). It is not making personal attacks on wives, but showing how a wife is treated as such and how they are not appreciated. The narrative essay gave a more clear understanding as to the point the author was trying to get a cross. The narrative essay also used a descriptive writing pattern. The language was carefully and particularly chosen and it also evoked emotions to the reader. The narrative essay was of great humor and satire but it also made you think about life as a wife, as to where the descriptive essay was a serious essay that talked about a world issue and the attempt to take action to solve that problem. It lacked the senses a descriptive should have. There was no emotion and no feelings relating to the topic, because the descriptive essay was more of a journalistic essay that talked about problems that needed to be solved. It did not have many words to paint the picture of how homeless people live and what they look like, or how they smell how they get by day to day. The narrative essay had this creative tension that kept the reader interested in what a man or another woman may think of what a wife could be. It kept the writer of this essay interested because she is too, a wife. References Brady, J. (1971). I want a wife. Retrieved from http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/everythingsanargument4e/content/cat_020/Brady_I_Want_a_Wife.pdf Connell, C. M., & Sole, K. (2013). Essentials of college writing (2nd ed.). San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Quindlen, A. (n.d.). Homeless. Retrieved from http://pers.dadeschools.net/prodev/homelesstext.htm

Teenage Conformity essays

Teenage Conformity essays Teenagers today face many issues. One of the most common but often overlooked is that of finding their own true identities. Although some teens will find themselves, most simply choose to conform. To conform means "to be or become of the same form". They become like everyone else is. In other words they become like sheep, following and never leading. Instead of being an entirely unique entity with their own mind and thoughts, they become a carbon copy of numerous others. Take clothes for example, teenagers will buy incredibly overpriced clothing. They are willing to pay any price for clothing made by Calvin Klein, Tommy Hillfiger and Gap. They are willing to spend all the money they make from their jobs on these clothes instead of doing something much wiser like saving for college. Some teenagers will even go as far as having more than one job in order to have enough to purchase those $120 jeans. Why? Is it that these clothes are of better quality? More durable? No, they purchase them simply because they don't want to be different or stand out. The people they conceive to be their friends or those they wish to be friends with are wearing these labels and so they feel compelled to wear them too. They see the ads in magazines, on television and hear them on the radio. We also can't forget the fact that the stars are wearing these labels, and if famous people are wearing them they must be cool, right? Teenagers need to step back and say to themselves, "Is it really that important that I dress like my friends? Would it be that big of a deal if I dressed the way I wanted to?". In the past the next issue has been primarily focused toward girls, although recently it is becoming an increasing concern for young men. Teenagers today open a magazine and see skinny models, so thin in fact that many of them are forced to maintain unhealthy habits to remain that way. They watch TV and again, on ...

5 Cases for Requiring a Comma Before a Sentence Tag

5 Cases for Requiring a Comma Before a Sentence Tag 5 Cases for Requiring a Comma Before a Sentence Tag 5 Cases for Requiring a Comma Before a Sentence Tag By Mark Nichol A sentence tag is a word or phrase added to the beginning or end of a statement for emphasis or to provide more information. For the following sentences, I discuss the necessity of preceding end-of-sentence tags with a comma. 1. â€Å"I shouldn’t have been surprised really.† Without a comma separating really from the rest of the sentence, the implication is that really is an adverb modifying how the writer should not have been surprised (really, as in factually, and the opposite of allegedly). However, its function is merely to emphasize the point: â€Å"I shouldn’t have been surprised, really.† 2. â€Å"I was in the other room at the time actually.† This sentence indicates that the writer was in the other room in an actual manner, rather than figuratively, but that’s not the literal meaning. The writer has been challenged about his or her location when an incident occurred, and the intent, again, is to emphasize. A comma is required before actually to signal this distinction: â€Å"I was in the other room at the time, actually.† The idea could also be conveyed with actually inserted elsewhere in the sentence (in descending order of elegance): â€Å"Actually, I was in the other room at the time† or â€Å"I was, actually, in the other room at the time† or â€Å"I was in the other room, actually, at the time.† (Note that not all adverbial tags are so flexible about location; try these variations in the first example, and you’ll see that really seems to feel right only as a concluding tag.) 3. â€Å"We did it all right.† This sentence implies that the writer is evaluating a merely competent performance. With a comma inserted before â€Å"all right,† the implication is of emphasis on the fact of the accomplishment: â€Å"We did it, all right.† 4. â€Å"They offered a free pass to boot.† Without a comma preceding â€Å"to boot† (which means â€Å"as a bonus†), the phrase appears to describe an action that is, thanks to the pass, complimentary. The comma signals that â€Å"to boot† is an appendage that idiomatically offers additional information: â€Å"They offered a free pass, to boot.† 5. â€Å"Geology has an impact on biology and vice versa.† As written, this sentence seems to equate biology and vice versa as two things geology has an impact on. But â€Å"vice versa,† meaning â€Å"the opposite,† applies to the entire sentence preceding it, so it must be set off from the sentence: â€Å"Geology has an impact on biology, and vice versa.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†Ã¢â‚¬Å"As Well As† Does Not Mean â€Å"And†Supervise vs. Monitor

UPS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

UPS - Assignment Example UPS had set a record for collecting approximately $57.4 million for its philanthropic cause, exceeding its record in 2004. The company also donated a staggering $52.2 million in 2001 (Pasiuk, 2006, p. 141). The company is ranked higher than FedEx, as it designed more programs that benefit the society. In addition, UPS came up with more ingenious means of helping the community compared to FedEx. The company also aims to boost its profit as well as ensure the welfare of the community. On September 19, 2008, it launched a cargo finance, which is driven to help small clients that need funds (Matthew 2008). FedEx encourages its employees to remain â€Å"absolutely, positively† concentrated on the safety--the highest professional and ethical standards, and to the needs of clients and the communities. It consistently ranked as one of the most trusted and admired employers worldwide. However, it lags behind in its effort to poster the welfare of the society in comparison with UPS (Lawrence, Drzeniek, & Moavendeh,

Motivation and Reward Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Motivation and Reward Systems - Research Paper Example Rewards are classified into two groups, namely, extrinsic (e.g. promotions, salary increases) and intrinsic (e.g. job satisfaction, enhanced self-confidence). Intrinsic rewards arise from the interplay between the job and the individual. Fundamental intrinsic aspects involve knowledge of outcomes, accountability, and meaningfulness (Rothwell & Kazanas, 2003, 234). Knowledge of outcomes is associated with feedback on employee performance. Accountability is related to the extent employees feel responsible for the outcomes of their performance. Meaningfulness refers to the extent employees see their job as valuable. In order to build employee motivation, a job should substantially possess all three aspects. It must involve a variety of tasks, generate concrete outcomes, and affect others (Rothwell & Kazanas, 2003). These aspects are associated with meaningfulness. The work must also result in self-reliance. This aspect is associated with accountability. Ultimately, the job must give way to feedback on performance. This aspect is associated with knowledge of outcomes. Extrinsic rewards must satisfy five conditions, namely, significance, flexibility, frequency, visibility, and expense. In terms of significance, members of the organization should give importance to the possible rewards arising from their performance. With regard flexibility, because individuals differ in the forms of rewards they want, an effective reward system should accommodate individual differences (Griffin & Moorhead, 2011).... Meaningfulness refers to the extent employees see their job as valuable. In order to build employee motivation, a job should substantially possess all three aspects. It must involve a variety of tasks, generate concrete outcomes, and affect others (Rothwell & Kazanas, 2003). These aspects are associated with meaningfulness. The work must also result in self-reliance. This aspect is associated with accountability. Ultimately, the job must give way to feedback on performance. This aspect is associated with knowledge of outcomes. Extrinsic rewards must satisfy five conditions, namely, significance, flexibility, frequency, visibility, and expense. In terms of significance, members of the organization should give importance to the possible rewards arising from their performance. With regard flexibility, because individuals differ in the forms of rewards they want, an effective reward system should accommodate individual differences (Griffin & Moorhead, 2011). As regards frequency, the mor e frequently rewards are granted and the more immediate they follow performance, the more successful they are expected to be. However, several rewards become ineffective when granted habitually. In terms of visibility, rewards are boosted when other individuals are aware of them. And lastly, as regards expense, the organization should be capable of giving out rewards (Rothwell & Kazanas, 2003). The Truth about Money as a Motivator and a Type of Reward Monetary rewards can raise motivation. Individuals need financial resources and hence desire money. Financial incentives can build motivation but it is not the sole driver of motivation. Wallace and Szilagyi explained that financial aspects can fulfill several

Arab and Israel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arab and Israel - Essay Example They way Israel reacts to these challenges will affect how western world perceives it and may determine whether peace in the Middle East will ever be a reachable goal. Tensions in the region have been high for decades but the Arab uprisings in the spring of 2011 have given cause for heightened concerns for Israel. Many countries in the Middle East such Tunisia, Libya and Egypt have dethroned their leaders and replaced them by democratic process. Syria has been in turmoil for over a year with no end to the bloody conflict expected soon. Egypt was an American ally and has honored its 1979 peace treaty with Israel but what the election of Mohamed Morsi, a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, will mean to peace is uncertain. Some fear the uprisings may encourage groups such as Hezbollah to the north, Fatah on the west and Hamas to the south to rise up against what they identify as their oppressor, Israel. The combination of recent and distant history may be putting the Israeli government on edge, so much so it’s possible they are overreacting to the latest events in Gaza. Arabs will tell you Israel has been in the habit of overreacting for a long time and present grim evidence in the form of body counts. It has been said that a two-state (Palestinian/Israeli) solution could have produced an enduring peace but no more. Israel has played the bully on the block for too long and no solution will likely ever be viable. A generation of Arabs, along with Persians in Iran and Muslims of all ethnic backgrounds, has witnessed Israel’s encroachment on lands and suppression of Arabs. They have grown up hating Zionists, not necessarily Jews in Israel. Zionist means to support the Jewish state of Israel. The actions and vitriolic words of the war-hawkish Netanyahu have only furthered the Arab mistrust of Israel. He is opposed to a Palestinian state, continues to expand Israeli borders by authorizing the building of

Mother Courage Epic Theatre

Mother Courage Epic Theatre Mother Courage is an example of Brechts concepts of Epic Theatre and Verfremdungseffekt or estrangement effect. Verfremdungseffekt is achieved through the use of placards which reveal the events of each scene, juxtaposition, actors changing characters and costume on stage, the use of narration, simple props and scenery. For instance, a single tree would be used to convey a whole forest, and the stage is usually flooded with bright white light whether its a winters night or a summers day. Several songs, interspersed throughout the play, are used to underscore the themes of the play, while making the audience think about what the playwright is saying. Another epic feature that we find in Brechts play is the presence of the songs. Mother Courage tries to teach her children the facts of life through songs, this representing a way of bonding with them, apart from the cart. This latter keeps the family together, and probably that is why in the end we see a lonely Mother Courage pulling the cart: it reminds her of her three children as well as still being a means to make a living. We do not despise Mother Courage as, in some ways, she is admirable however, the audience is exposed to intense irony: in her desire to preserve her family, she has participated in destroying it. Brecht is very famous for his modern conception of epic theatre and is tremendously important for modern theatre as he helps the audience understand that the unchangeable can change. This is Brechts term for that which expresses basic human attitudes not merely gesture but all signs of social relations: department, intonation, facial expression. The Stanislavskian actor is to work at identifying with the character he or she portrays. The Brechtian actor is to work at expressing social attitudes in clear and stylized ways. So, when Shen-Te becomes Shui-Ta, she moves in a different manner. Brecht wished to embody the Gestus in the dialogue as if to compel the right stance, movement and intonation. By subtle use of rhythm pause, parallelism and counterpointing, Brecht creates a gestic language. Epic theatre is gestrual. [] The gesture is its raw material and its task is the rational utilization of this material. (Walter Benjamin, Understanding Brecht, 1966, pg. 3) The songs are yet more clearly gestic. As street singers make clear their attitudes with overt, grand but simple gestures, so, in delivering songs, the Brechtian actor aims to produce clarity in expressing a basic attitude, such as despair, defiance or submission. Instead of the seamless continuity of the naturalistic theatre, the illusion of natural disorder, Brecht wishes to break up the story into distinct episodes, each of which presents, in a clear and ordered manner, a central basic action. All that appears in the scene is designed to show the significance of the basic Gestus. We see how this works in Mother Courage. Each scene is prefaced by a caption telling the audience what is to be the important event, in such a way as to suggest the proper attitude for the audience to adopt to it for instance (Scene 3): She manages to save her daughter, likewise her covered cart, but her honest son is killed. The words in red express the playwrights view of how we should interpret the scene; Courages saving her business at the expense of her son is meant to prove how contemptible our actions are made by war. Anger, outrage, panic, revenge, violence => vital elements of his work, stand condemned Brecht is probably trying to master these emotions in himself, for his work exposes his desire for absolute submission, a state of being in which he can conquer his unbridled feelings, and, instead of engaging himself with the external world, merge with it. (Berstein, The Theatre of Revolt, p. 239) Throughout the twentieth century, Brechtian influence was fully present in the works of various playwrights such as John Arden, Thornton Wilder, Robert Bolt, Peter Weiss, Arthur Adamov, Roger Planchon, and even the famous director Giorgio Strehler. Compatibility between the methods promoted by Bertolt Brecht and the playwrights desire to initiate open debates on history and contemporaneity contributed to creating a strongly opinionated political theatrical genre, formed by the coalition of fringe theatre groups (who would perform on the outskirts) which the young playwrights such as David Hare, David Edgar, Howard Brenton joined. As the main proponent of political drama, Howard Brenton believed in theatres mission to shape consciences and transform society. Despite his desire to distance epic theatre, which he considered rather artificial and simplistic to suit his artistic criteria, the episodic structure and the principle of minimal scenic parts remain Brechtian in origin. In addition, just as Brecht, the playwright starts a crusade against humanist tradition of social drama, seeking for a theatrical form that would incite the lazy audience with disapproval, persuasion and argument. The English playwright is distinguished by his virulent analysis of socio-political structures and putting forward a personal dramatic style, being a master of the temporal dislocations technique and of stage embodied visual images. For him, the theatre had to be the expression of the perfect collaboration between the show and the straight-forward message of the. His first creations Christie in Love (1969), Revenge (1969) and Fruit (1970) successfully materialize this artistic goal. In Christie in Love, Howard Brenton has directed his entire attention to the effects of social injustice, which inevitably metamorphose into violence and crime (this, in fact, being a prominent feature of English political theatre of the period, where many playwrights would tell the story of society dehumanization through violence and indifference). Brenton was said to have aimed at giving the audience a feeling of moral vertigo with his short piece Christie in Love. Looking at it from this perspective, the play succeeds in fulfilling Brentons wish because it did indeed outrage the collective morality. The grounds on which Christie, the serial killer, commits the crimes can be analysed from different perspectives, with little chance of running out of options. He may be the incarnation of evil, an outburst of the brutality inherent in human nature or a psychoanalytic ritual of decompression of repressed love, a deviated revenge of the man who is vulnerable to women. The numerous possibilities of understanding this stage event proves that Brenton is closer to the Brechtian view about the open theatre, the one that does not have to give answers, but to make the audience reflect on either explanation and option they consider suitable and convincing, that he had previously stated. However, it is quite obvious that if the meanings the reader and the audience can infer from this play would stop to the psychological level of killer instinct, the brentonian theme would be much too simplified. But The real purpose of the play concerns society as a whole. What the author wants to suggest is t hat the protagonists atypical behaviour, presented in an almost naturalistic way, is actually societys behaviour, however much the latter one is trying to hide it under the guise of respectability. The equality sign the author puts between a miserable bastard and the world justifies the inversion o the characters portrayals, bringing us to one of the features of the epic form of the theatre, that of presenting an image of the world, instead of ones experience. Christie, the famous mass murderer, appears as a normal human being while the police, the defenders of the people, become abnormal, achieving the bold features of some surreal characters. Roland Barthes has pointed out that the verisimilitude of [epic] acting has its meaning in the objective meaning of the play, and not, as in naturalist dramaturgy, in the truth inherent in the actor. (Styan, Modern Drama in Theory and Practice 3, 1981, p. 142) Brenton keeps the character of Christie in the objectivity sphere, thus provoking the spectators to live with the suspense throughout the play.

Cultural Rape in Heart of Darkness and The Jewel in the Crown :: comparison compare contrast essays

Cultural Rape in Heart of Darkness and The Jewel in the Crown      Ã‚   The comparison of Heart of Darkness and The Jewel in the Crown may lead to some interesting questions. The authors of these two great works have found their way into the literary cannon for well-founded reasons. Both texts seem to continue to bring the reader to ask questions of both the text and the readers own moral values. One of these value based questions deals with racism. It may well be that both of these great works may be examples of racism being subjected upon the people of two separate continents. Both of these situations may be compared to not the rape of a woman, but the rape of a people and their ideologies.    As Paul Scott wrote The Jewel in the Crown his story seems to tell a tale of an English woman in India who had been raped. On the surface of course this is the story meant for the reader to find. However, underlying the issue of rape there may be another story. Scott writes, "This is the story of a rape, of the events that led up to it and followed it and of the place in which it happened. There are the action, the people, and the place" (Scott 3). This single statement may have more truth within it about the author's intent in his story. When Scott writes that with his story is that of a rape we must ask of whom?    The written character that is raped is Daphne Manners. Her original home is Britain. The same country that has colonized India becomes an important issue in the story. It is important to see that Scott describes the fact that, "Mr. Gandhi began preaching sedition in India" at the same time he introduces the rape theme (Scott 3). Scott is hinting to the reader his real intention behind his story. Gandhi's act of sedation was one wrapped in hopes of attaining equality and freedom from Britain for his people. Britain had control of his land and its people.    Scott is not the only author aware of racial inequality in Britain's colonization of foreign continents. Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness is also a complaint of racial inequality concerning Britain's colonization. His is a complaint of the control of certain parts of Africa.

Physical & Chemical Porperties of two Metals Essay

Purpose The purpose of this lab is to examine the physical and chemical properties of Magnesium and Copper. Definitions: Chemical change: A chemical change is a kind of change in which a specific type of matter is converted to a new one. Physical change: Physical changes are those in which a change in the form, but not the composition of matter occurs. Physical property: Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter, they are generally used to observe and describe matter. Chemical property: Chemical properties can not be determined unless a substance undergoes a change in its composition. If you answer the question â€Å"Can I get the original substance back?† with no, then you are observing chemical properties. Physical and Chemical Properties of two Metals (Mg & Cu) † Data Collection Data Collection Observations for Magnesium: Process Observations a) Examine a piece of magnesium ribbon. Silver in color, shiny and smooth surface b) Attempt to bend a piece of magnesium ribbon. Breaks easily c) Obtain two 3 cm pieces of magnesium. Clean the surface of each with a piece of steel wool. Still silver in color, still shiny but became more smooth d) Place one of the pieces of magnesium ribbon from part c) into a test tube containing 3 mL of water. Add two drops of phenolphthalein solution and shake for 30 seconds. Liquid turned in a light pink e) Using crucible tongs, hold the other piece of magnesium ribbon in a burner flame to ignite the magnesium. Remove the burning magnesium from the flame and allow it to continue to burn. Save the ignition for part f) Got bright, then melted and turned white f) Place the ignition product from part e) into a test tube containing 3 mL of water. Add 2 drops of Phenolphtalein and shake for 30 seconds. Liquid turned in a light pink, ash is on the bottom of the test tube Add a 1 cm piece of magnesium ribbon to a test tube containing 1 mL of 2.0 mol/L HCL and observe for 30 seconds. got warm, liquid is bubbling (new gas created), the piece of magnesium ribbon turned white Add a 1 cm piece of magnesium ribbon to a test tube containing 1 mL of 2.0 mol/L nitric acid and observe for 5 minutes. Liquid is bubbling (new gas created), Liquid turned cloudy, got warm Physical and Chemical Properties of two Metals (Mg & Cu) † Data Collection Data Collection Observations for Copper: Process Observations a) Examine a piece of copper wire. Bronze in color, smooth and shiny surface b) Attempt to bend a piece of copper wire. Does not break easily c) Obtain two 3 cm pieces of copper wire. Clean the surface of each with a piece of steel wool. Bronze in color, shiny and very smooth d) Place one of the pieces of copper wire from part c) into a test tube containing 3 mL of water. Add two drops of phenolphthalein solution and shake for 30 seconds. Liquid turned cloudy/white e) Using crucible tongs, hold the other piece of copper wire in a burner flame to ignite the copper. Remove the burning copper from the flame and allow it to continue to burn. Save the ignition for part f) Got warm, color of liquid turned grey, copper wire bends easily f) Place the ignition product from part e) into a test tube containing 3 mL of water. Add 2 drops of Phenolphtalein and shake for 30 seconds. No changes observed Add a 1 cm piece of copper wire to a test tube containing 1 mL of 2.0 mol/L HCL and observe for 30 seconds. No changes observed Add a 1 cm piece of copper wire to a test tube containing 1 mL of 2.0 mol/L nitric acid and observe for 5 minutes. No changes observed Physical and Chemical Properties of two Metals (Mg & Cu) † Conclusion/ Evaluation Conclusion/Evaluation Conclusion In our experiments the magnesium seemed to have reacted better in our experiments than the copper, although some of their physical properties are the same, both are for example shiny in their color and have a smooth surface.. In three of our copper experiments no change took place whereas the magnesium always showed some kind of reaction to our experiment. But magnesium and copper do also seem to have some reactions in common, as to see at experiment D, where we took steel wool and cleaned the surface of the magnesium and copper, physical properties were observed, the surface of both got even more smooth and it got more shiny. We were observing a physical change in part C where the magnesium stripe broke easily, but the copper did not break easy at all. We were also observing chemical changes such as the boiling of the magnesium in experiment F, a new gas was created. Physical properties were observed in experiment E for the magnesium as well as the copper where the phenolphthalein and the water changed its color to pink with the magnesium and in a cloudy white with the copper stripe, meaning that magnesium, water and phenolphthalein or copper, water and phenolphthalein do change the color of the created. We did not observe any changes in experiments G,H and I for our copper stripes, whereas we observed changes in experiment H for the magnesium part where the liquid started bubbling, a new gas was thus created which is evidence for a chemical change. Evaluation This experiment showed very well how different copper and magnesium react by doing several similar experiments with each of them, but I think there is a lot of room for improvement because I am quite sure that there are either changes or specific properties occuring in parts G to I with the copper. The fact that no reaction took place might have been due to not enough liquid for those experiments, it might have been helpful to either add more or do several trails with each one having a different value of liquid in it. In general it is always better to have numerous trails, this would give us better evidence about changes which might not have been regular, but occured due to unpreciseness when doing the experiments. It might have also been interesting to measure the temperature of the boiling liquid, whether or not there is a difference between the reaction with copper and magnesium or not. We only had about 40 minutes to complete our entire experiment, which was, in my oppinion, not enough time to complete all steps properly with a high preciseness, more time would have been helpful, too.

Informative Speech Outline Essay

I. Introduction A. Attention Getter – â€Å"A man must consider what a rich realm he abdicates when he becomes a conformist.† ~Ralph Waldo Emerson B. Introduce Topic – To simply do something because it’s what everyone else is doing without knowing the reasons why they’re doing it, is conformity. You might understand the term conformity when used as â€Å"sheeple† in the political world. Those who go with the growd, just because. Halloween and Religion seem like two natural opposites – good and evil brought to life. C. Establish Credibility – In most things I’m a non-conformist. I trust no one and nothing without questioning and understading everything. I question everything even if it seems simple on the surface. Far too often I have found most things are not what they seem, and Religion and Holidays are no exception. D. Preview Central Idea – The term Holiday was originally used to reference Holy Days that were celebrated and remembered with some form of ceremony or worship. Halloween, originally a day of rememberence for the recently deceased and their spirits that returned to earth on the eve of the new year, has become something celebrated by just about everyone, in many cultures, and across many religions, but most notibly in the US where it has become yet another commercialized event, causing people to spend money they might not otherwise spend, to eat food that offer no nutrition at all, and in excess at that, and to go against the number one safety measure your parents drilled into your heads – NEVER TAKE CANDY FROM STRANGERS!! This has become so acceptible in modern religious practices that it’s been given a new name â€Å"Trick-Or-Trunk†. This is an event sponsored by religious elders, held on church grounds, outside in the parking lot, out of the trunks of cars and more often than not, the costumes that are worn do not promote religious purity and goodness, but the very evil the religion is supposed to protect them from. Transition to main points – In order to fully understand how this seemingly innocent day of celebration, creativity and self expression  is a contradiction, we need to look at several things. II. Body – summary of main points / personal view Transition to origins When did this holiday begin and why? Was it of pagan origins or is there something more behind Halloween’s history? How should Religions view this day in general? To understand these questions further, we need to go back to the roots of Halloween. A. Origins 1. Celtic Origins a. Halloween’s origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). The Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom and northern France, celebrated their new year on November 1. This day marked the end of summer, the harvest and the beginning of the dark, cold winter, a time of year that was often associated with human death. b. Celts believed that on the night before the new year, the boundary between the worlds of the living and the dead became blurred. On the night of October 31 they celebrated Samhain, when it was believed that the ghosts of the dead returned to earth. c. In addition to causing trouble and damaging crops, Celts thought that the presence of the otherworldly spirits made it easier for the Druids, or Celtic priests, to make predictions about the future. For a people entirely dependent on the volatile natural world, these prophecies were an important source of comfort and direction during the long, dark winter. d. To commemorate the event, Druids built huge sacred bonfires, where the people gathered to burn crops and animals as sacrifices to the Celtic deities. During the celebration, the Celts wore costumes, typically consisting of animal heads and skins, and attempted to tell each other’s fortunes. When the celebration was over, they re-lit their hearth fires, which they had extinguished earlier that evening, from the sacred bonfire to help protect them during the coming winter. 2. Halloween & Religion a. By 43 A.D., the Roman Empire had conquered the majority of Celtic territory. In the course of the four hundred years that they ruled the  Celtic lands, two festivals of Roman origin were combined with the traditional Celtic celebration of Samhain. The first was Feralia, a day in late October when the Romans traditionally commemorated the passing of the dead. The second was a day to honor Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit and trees. The symbol of Pomona is the apple and the incorporation of this celebration into Samhain probably explains the tradition of â€Å"bobbing† for apples that is practiced today. b. Around AD 600, Pope Boniface IV created All Saints’ Day, and Pope Gregory III later moved this holiday to November 1 in an effort to give a Christian alternative to this pagan celebration.5 (answersingenesis.org) Christians who did not want to celebrate pagan festivals celebrated something of positive spiritual value—in this case honoring the saints and m artyrs. With the overwhelming expansion of Christianity in Europe, All Saint’s Day became the dominant holiday.6 (answersingenesis.org) On May 13, 609 A.D., Pope Boniface IV dedicated the Pantheon in Rome in honor of all Christian martyrs, and the Catholic feast of All Martyrs Day was established in the Western church. Pope Gregory III (731–741) later expanded the festival to include all saints as well as all martyrs, and moved the observance from May 13 to November 1. By the 9th century the influence of Christianity had spread into Celtic lands, where it gradually blended with and supplanted the older Celtic rites. c. In 1000 A.D., the church would make November 2 All Souls’ Day, a day to honor the dead. It is widely believed today that the church was attempting to replace the Celtic festival of the dead with a related, but church-sanctioned holiday. All Souls Day was celebrated similarly to Samhain, with big bonfires, parades, and dressing up in costumes as saints, angels and devils. The All Saints Day celebration was also called All-hallows or All-hallowmas (from Middle English Alholowmesse meaning A ll Saints’ Day) and the night before it, the traditional night of Samhain in the Celtic religion, began to be called All-hallows Eve and, eventually, Halloween. A couple hundred years later, the Roman Church made November 2 All Souls Day to honor the dead. This may well have been influenced by the continued persistence of the day of the dead by the ancient Irish, Scots, and others in Europe. Standing against this, many Protestant Christians celebrate October 31 as Reformation Day in honor of reformers such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others who spearheaded the Reformation in the 1500s. (answersingenesis.org) In fact,  the current name of â€Å"Halloween† originates from the day before All Saint’s Day, which was called â€Å"All Hallow Evening†; this name was shortened to â€Å"All Hallow’s Eve† or â€Å"All Hallow’s Even.† The name changed over time and became â€Å"Hallowe’en.† (answersingenesis.org) d. It should be obvious from a Christian perspective that many modern practices of Halloween and days of the dead have evil intent (e.g., 1 Corinthians 10:20). There has been considerable paganism that has been associated with Halloween over the years. Even evil acts such as vandalism, fires, destructive pranks, pretending people are something they are not by dressing up (and particularly by the glorification of sensuality, death, and demons) are in strong opposition to the fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:19–23). So, a word of caution must be given to Evangelicals who promote some of the questionable modern practices of Halloween. If anything, an alternative in opposition to Halloween should be offered by Christians. Psalm 24:1 points out that everything belongs to the Lord. Therefore, there is no reason to let Satan have Halloween. It is not his day in the first place! (answersingenesis.org) 3. Trick-or Treating a. The American Halloween tradition of â€Å"trick-or-treating† probably dates back to the early All Souls’ Day parades in England. During the festivities, poor citizens would beg for food and families would give them pastries called â€Å"soul cakes† in return for their promise to pray for the family’s dead relatives. b. The distribution of soul cakes was encouraged by the church as a way to replace the ancient practice of leaving food and wine for roaming spirits. The practice, which was referred to as â€Å"going a-souling† was eventually taken up by children who would visit the houses in their neighborhood and be given ale, food, and money. c. The tradition of dressing in costume for Halloween has both European and Celtic roots. On Halloween, when it was believed that ghosts came back to the earthly world, people thought that they would encounter ghosts if they left their homes. To avoid being recognized by these ghosts, people would wear masks when they left their homes after dark so that the ghosts would mistake them for fellow spirits. On Halloween, to keep ghosts away from their houses, people would place bowls of food outside their homes to appease the ghosts and prevent them from attempting to enter. Transition to lost traditions B. Lost traditions/beliefs – Many of these obsolete rituals focused on the future instead of the past and the living instead of the dead. In particular, many had to do with helping young women identify their future husbands and reassuring them that they would someday—with luck, by next Halloween—be married. 1. In 18th-century Ireland, a matchmaking cook might bury a ring in her mashed potatoes on Halloween night, hoping to bring true love to the diner who found it. 2. In Scotland, fortune-tellers recommended that an eligible young woman name a hazelnut for each of her suitors and then toss the nuts into the fireplace. The nut that burned to ashes rather than popping or exploding, the story went, represented the girl’s future husband. (In some versions of this legend, confusingly, the opposite was true: The nut that burned away symbolized a love that would not last.) 3. Another tale had it that if a young woman ate a sugary concoction made out of walnuts, h azelnuts and nutmeg before bed on Halloween night she would dream about her future husband. 4. According to some accounts, the Halloween supper has featured a roast fowl or even meat, but as the day before a Holy Day of Obligation in the Catholic Church, Halloween has traditionally been a day of abstinence from meat. The dishes most associated with Halloween in Ireland—colcannon, champ, and boxty—are all made from root vegetables and earthy harvests such as potatoes and cabbage. Champ is mashed potatoes, frequently with leeks, and served with a pool of melted butter in the top. Colcannon is potatoes and cabbage. Boxty is mashed potatoes mixed with grated raw potatoes, onion, and cabbage, which are then boiled, cut into portions and fried. (encyclopedia.com) 5. These traditional foods are emblematic of Halloween for many in Ireland. Sometimes, portions were left out for the fairies. In an article published in 1958, K. M. Harris quotes a man who recalls his mother putting salt on the head of each child to prevent them from being taken away by the â€Å"wee peop le† on Halloween. He also recounts her placing a thimble-full of salt on each plate. If the salt fell down that person would die in the next twelve months. These beliefs indicate the continued association of food with the supernatural, and perhaps echo the â€Å"old† new year’s day of Samhain in the idea that what happens on this night affects the next twelve months. (encyclopedia.com) C. Cultural  Similarities (all from answersingenesis.org) – Although many affirm that Samhain was the origin of modern-day Halloween, it is significant to note how many cultures throughout the world have celebrated a â€Å"day of the dead† (often with sacrifices), occurring at the end of summer and fall. There seem to be too many parallels to call these similar celebrations a coincidence. 1. For example, in the Americas there is the Mexican Day of the Dead (El Dà ­a de los Muertos) that goes back to the ancient festival of the dead celebrated by Aztecs and the more-ancient Olmec. This was likely where the Guatemalans got their Day of the Dead. 2. Brazilians also celebrate Finados (Day of the Dead). Bolivia has the Day of the Skulls (Dà ­a de los Natitas).7 3. In Asia, there are similar festivals. For example, the Chinese celebrated the Ghost Festival, which was a day to pay homage to dead ancestors. The Japanese celebrated something similar called O-bon or merely Bon. Even Vietnam has a variant of the Ghost Festival called Tet Trung Nguyen. In Korea, there is Chuseok or Hankawi, in which deceased ancestors are ritualized. In Nepal, there is the cow pilgrimage called Gia Jatra to honor the recently deceased. In the Philippines, there is the Day of the Dead (Araw ng mga Patay), where tombs are cleaned and repainted. The list goes on and on (see reference 5). 4. The annual Jewish holiday of the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) is celebrated in the fall, usually September or October.8 But it is distinctly different in purpose. It is not in honor of the dead. Rather, it deals with soul searching, repentance, and is a time of great sacrifice for the sins of the people (Leviticus 23:27–28). So, there is some cross over, but God instituted this date. Transition to Halloween in America D. Halloween in America 1. Celebration of Halloween was extremely limited in colonial New England because of the rigid Protestant belief systems there. Halloween was much more common in Maryland and the southern colonies. As the beliefs and customs of different European ethnic groups as well as the American Indians meshed, a distinctly American version of Halloween began to emerge. The first celebrations included â€Å"play parties,† public events held to celebrate the harvest, where neighbors would share stories of the dead, tell each other’s fortunes, dance and sing. Colonial Halloween festivities also  featured the telling of ghost stories and mischief-making of all kinds. By the middle of the nineteenth century, annual autumn festivities were common, but Halloween was not yet celebrated everywhere in the country. 2. In the second half of the nineteenth century, America was flooded with new immigrants. These new immigrants, especially the millions of Irish fleeing Ireland’s potato famine of 1846, helped to popularize the celebration of Halloween nationally. Taking from Irish and English traditions, Americans began to dress up in costumes and go house to house asking for food or money, a practice that eventually became today’s â€Å"trick-or-treat† tradition. Young women believed that on Halloween they could divine the name or appearance of their future husband by doing tricks with yarn, apple parings or mirrors. 3. In the late 1800s, there was a move in America to mold Halloween into a holiday more about community and neighborly get-togethers than about ghosts, pranks and witchcraft. At the turn of the century, Halloween parties for both children and adults became the most common way to celebrate the day. Parties focused on games, foods of the season and festive costumes. Parents were encouraged by newspapers and community leaders to take anything â€Å"frightening† or â€Å"grotesque† out of Halloween celebrations. Because of these efforts, Halloween lost most of its superstitious and religious overtones by the beginning of the twentieth century. 4. By the 1920s and 1930s, Halloween had become a secular, but community-centered holiday, with parades and town-wide parties as the featured entertainment. Despite the best efforts of many schools and communities, vandalism began to plague Halloween celebrations in many communities during this time. By the 1950s, town leaders had successfully limited vandalism and Halloween had evolved into a holiday directed mainly at the young. Due to the high numbers of young children during the fifties baby boom, parties moved from town civic centers into the classroom or home, where they could be more easily accommodated. Between 1920 and 1950, the centuries-old practice of trick-or-treating was also revived. Trick-or-treating was a relatively inexpensive way for an entire community to share the Halloween celebration. In theory, families could also prevent tricks being played on them by providing the neighborhood children with small treats. A new American tradition was born, and it has continued to grow. Today, Americans spend an estimated $6 billion annually on Halloween, making it the country’s second  largest commercial holiday. III. Conclusion Summarize main points, purpose and view. ——— Works Cited â€Å"History of Halloween.† History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2014. Hodge, Bodie. â€Å"Halloween History and the Bible.† Answers in Genesis. Network Solutions, LLC, 29 Oct. 2013. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. Image 1: D4doddy, Digimaree. Samhain Bonfire. Digital image. Ancient Samhain Ritual. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. . Image 2: Ritual De Samhain (NOCHE DE DIFUNTOS CELTA). Digital image. Cosas De Meiga (Libreria Escuela Tarot). Meiga, 26 Oct. 2012. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. .